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This division between exclusive and reserve powers is usually only found in federal systems of government or those with a constitutional democracy in which the division of powers is spelled out in the constitution. Thus, to exclude means basically to close the door in order to keep someone or something out. Shared powers include imposing taxes, building roads, setting up courts and making and enforcing laws.

The electors make up the , which is comprised of 538 electors, equal to the number of Representatives and Senators that currently make up Congress. Constitution gives the President almost limitless power to grant pardons to those convicted of federal crimes. In some other cases, the courts have held the grant to be exclusive when the subject of the power is national in character or requires one uniform system or plan.

EXCLUSIVE POWERS

Executive Power: An Overview In its first three articles, the U. Constitution outlines the branches of the U. Government, the powers that they contain and the limitations to which they must adhere. The President of the United States is elected to a four-year term by electors from every state and the District of Columbia. The electors make up the , which is comprised of 538 electors, equal to the number of Representatives and Senators that currently make up Congress. The citizens of each state vote for slates of electors who then vote for the President on the prescribed day, selected by Congress. To become President, a person must be a of the United States. Naturalized citizens are ineligible, as are persons under the age of 35. He or she can also receive ambassadors and work with leaders of other nations. However, the veto is limited. It is not a , meaning that the President must veto the entire bill, rather than parts of it. War Powers Congress holds the power to declare war. As a result, the President cannot declare war without their approval. However, as the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, Presidents have sent troops to battle without an official war declaration which happened in Vietnam and Korea. Nominations The President is responsible for nominating candidates for the head positions of government offices. The President will typically nominate cabinet officials and secretaries at the beginning of his or her presidency and will fill vacancies as necessary. In addition, the President is responsible for nominating Federal Circuit Court judges and Supreme Court justices and choosing the chief justice. These nominations must be confirmed by the Senate. While the President usually has broad appointment powers, subject to Senate approval, there are some limitations. In National Labor Relations Board v. Executive Orders In times of emergency, the President can override Congress and issue executive orders with almost limitless power. Abraham Lincoln used an executive order in order to fight the Civil War, , and. Constitution gives the President almost limitless power to grant pardons to those convicted of federal crimes. While the President cannot pardon someone impeached by Congress, he or she can pardon anyone else without any Congressional involvement. Some scholars, however, have interpreted the Vesting Clause under a much stronger lens, finding that the President has full power over the entire Executive Branch. Under this theory, commonly referred to as the Unitary Executive Theory, any decision that the President makes regarding the Executive Branch would not be subject to any sort of review or oversight i. Congress would not be able to investigate the President's firings of any members of the Executive Branch. While the Supreme Court has not directly embraced or rejected this theory, Justice Alito has made comments which have caused some to think that he endorses the theory: menu of sources Federal Material U.

The concept of federalism represented a solution to functional problems with the Articles of Confederation which failed to grant several essential powers to the national government. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas. An example of this is in the ring of taxation, where state taxation takes the form of stamp duty and federal taxation takes the form of income tax. To establish bankruptcy laws and try bankruptcy cases. Not specified in the constitution, but reasonable and logical. To make all laws necessary and proper for carrying intoexecution the solo powers. Those case are currently tried by the US DistrictCourts.